LONGEST PM TERM
Nehru ( 1947 - 1964 ) - 16 yr 9 month
indira - 15 yr 11 month
SHORTEST PM TERM
Saran Singh - 5 months 17 days ( 1979)
CONSECUTIVE TERMS
manmohan singh - 2
nehru - 3
no. of times sweard in
nehru,indira,vajpayee - 3
nanda,rajiv,manmohan - 2
Non Congress PM
MORAJI DESAI - 1977
SARAN SINGH - 1979 - congress alliance , never been in congress
V.P.SINGH - 1989
CHANDRASEKAR - 1990 - congress alliance
VAJPAYEE - 1996, 1998,1999 - never been in congress
DEV GOWDA - 1996 - congress alliance
GUJRAL - 1997 - congress alliance
DEPUTY PM
1.vallabhai patel - (1947 -1950)
2.moraji Desai - (1967 - 69) ---became pm
3.Saran Singh - (1979 - 80) -- became pm
4.jagjivan ram - 1979
5.yashvanthro chavan (1979-80)
6.Devi lal - (1989 - 91)
7.advani - (2002 - 04)
REFER
PM RESIDENCE
Nehru - Teen murti bhavan
Sastri - 10, janpath
Indira - 1,Safdarjung Road
Rajiv - 7, Racecourse Road
V.P.Singh - made it PM permanent residence
FURTHUR ON
Saturday, May 23, 2009
Presidents and PM swearing in ceremony
| President | List of pm | No. In total |
| Rajendra prasad | Nehru | 3 |
| Rathakrishnan | Gulzari lal nanda ( interim pm)- 2 Lal bahadur sastri Indira gandhi -2 (1966 , 1967) | 5 |
| Zakir hussain | | 0 |
| Fakrudin ali ahmed | | 0 |
| V.v.giri | Indira (1971) | 1 |
| Jatti | Moraji desai (1971) | 1 |
| Neelam Sanjeev reddy | Saran singh (1979) Indira (1980) | 2 |
| Zail singh | Rajiv - 2 ( aug & dec 1984) | 2 |
| R.venkatraman | V.p.singh (1989) Chandrasekar (1990) Narasimha rao (1991) | 3 |
| Shankardayal sharma | Vajpayee (1996) Dev gowda (1996) Gujral (1997) | 3 |
| K.r.narayanan | Vajpayee - 2 (1998,1999) | 2 |
| Kalam | Manmohan singh (2004) | 1 |
| Prathibha patel | Manmohan singh - (2009) | 1 |
Friday, May 22, 2009
Thermal Imaging in medcine
Now , thermal imaging has found use in medicine apart from other conventional earth sensing. yes, It helps sense people with fever. Very useful to isolate people affected with swine flu, SARS and other infectious diseases in public places
yet not a fool proof , because
an infected person can spread the virus even before symptoms show up. The incubation period for H1N1 is 24-48 hours.
Since clothing can alter the thermal image produced, only the exposed parts of the body can reveal the real body temperature.
futhur reference
yet not a fool proof , because
an infected person can spread the virus even before symptoms show up. The incubation period for H1N1 is 24-48 hours.
Since clothing can alter the thermal image produced, only the exposed parts of the body can reveal the real body temperature.
futhur reference
TB - AIDS CO INFECTION
It was earlier considered that TB symptoms would flare up when a person with TB was given antiretroviral therapy (ART) for AIDS.
Also, treating patients with Nevirapine (an AIDS drug) when already on Rifamycin, a TB drug, would be a problem. That is because Rifamycin induces some enzymes which in turn metabolise Nevirapine. Hence the level of Nevirapine in the blood drops, making it very favourable for HIV to mutate and develop drug resistance.
Use of efavirenz along with these drugs reduced this problem , hence safe for treating co infection
Phalcon AWACS arrives
Indian Air Force (IAF) pilots will fly home the first of the three Phalcon Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) on Sunday, making India the first country in the South-Asian region to have this capability.
The AWACS will provide India the means to track incoming missiles and look deep into the neighbouring countries under all weather conditions.
AWACS are primarily used for detection of incoming hostile cruise missiles and aircraft from hundreds of km away in all weather conditions and directing air defence fighters during combat operations against enemy jets. It also helps detect troop build-up in hostile territories.
With the induction of the Phalcons, frontline IAF fighters like Sukhoi-30MKIs, Mirage-2000s and Jaguars will now be backed by “eyes in the sky” to look much beyond the country’s borders through direct data linking.
Isreal's PhalconRoad to Energy efficiency in US
The new policy requires U.S. auto makers to produce cars and trucks that achieve an average 35.5miles per gallon by 2016, and will reduce America’s carbon dioxide emissions by 30 percent.
Environmentalists said the new policy would do more to reduce global warming pollution than any of the other measures taken by Mr. Obama so far.
Mr. Obama said the policy would help America’s ailing car industry to meet the challenges of moving to a low-carbon policy. Tuesday’s plan will require auto makers to improve fuel efficiency by 5 per cent every year, starting in 2012. By 2016, all new cars will have to achieve 39mpg while trucks will have to get 30mpg. Each class of vehicle will be assigned an efficiency target, which means that carmakers will have to adapt SUVs as well as trimmer vehicles.
furthur notes
Environmentalists said the new policy would do more to reduce global warming pollution than any of the other measures taken by Mr. Obama so far.
Mr. Obama said the policy would help America’s ailing car industry to meet the challenges of moving to a low-carbon policy. Tuesday’s plan will require auto makers to improve fuel efficiency by 5 per cent every year, starting in 2012. By 2016, all new cars will have to achieve 39mpg while trucks will have to get 30mpg. Each class of vehicle will be assigned an efficiency target, which means that carmakers will have to adapt SUVs as well as trimmer vehicles.
furthur notes
World Heritage sites
Three sites — Jantar Mantar, the 18th century observatory at Jaipur, the eco-regions of the Western Ghats and the Matheran light railway in Maharashtra — have been nominated for possible inclusion in the world heritage list next year.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 state parties which are elected by their General Assembly for a four-year term. A World Heritage Site is a place of either cultural or physical significance.
The programme was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on November 16, 1972. Since then, 185 state parties have ratified the convention.
Italy has largest monuments on list with toll as 43.
What should we do ?
India is more concerned with antiquity being nominated to list every year. There is also provision for signifying a city to cultural heritage based on modern structures. E.g Brazilia , berlin.
We could take effort for cities like chandigarh, jaipur etc.
Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List in India
Cultural
* Agra Fort (1983)
* Ajanta Caves (1983)
* Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
* Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004)
* Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
* Elephanta Caves (1987)
* Ellora Caves (1983)
* Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
* Great Living Chola Temples (1987)
* Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
* Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
* Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
* Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)
* Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
* Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
* Mountain Railways of India (1999)
* Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
* Red Fort Complex (2007)
* Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
* Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
* Taj Mahal (1983)
Natural
* Kaziranga National Park (1985)
* Keoladeo National Park (1985)
* Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
* Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988)
* Sundarbans National Park (1987)
Properties submitted on the Tentative List
* Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal (1998)
* Buddhist Monastery Complex, Alchi, Leh, known as Alchi Chos-kor (1998)
* Golconda Fort, Hyderbad, Andhra Pradesh (1998)
* Dholavira: a Harappan City, Gujarat, Disstt, Kachchh (1998)
* Rani-ki-Vav (The Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (1998)
* Mattanchery Palace, Ernakulam, Kerala (1998)
* Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, Sasaram, Bihar (1998)
* Group of Monuments at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh (1998)
* Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (1998)
* Hemis Gompa (1998)
* Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab (2004)
* River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam (2004)
* Kalka Shimla Railway (2004)
* The Matheran Light Railway (extension to the Mountain Railways of India) (2005)
* Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination) (2006)
* Namdapha National Park (2006)
* Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (2006)
* Kangchendzonga National Park (2006)
* Urban and Architectural Work of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh (2006)
* The Kangra Valley Railway - Extension to the Mountain Railways of India (2009)
* Churchgate - Extension to Mumbai CST (2009)
* The Maharaja Railways of India (2009)
* Oak Grove School (2009)
* Excavated Remains at Nalanda (2009)
* The Jantar Mantars : Astronomical Observatories of India (2009)
further refer
State wise heritage sites in india
hindu editorial
more info about World Heritage Site
A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 state parties which are elected by their General Assembly for a four-year term. A World Heritage Site is a place of either cultural or physical significance.
The programme was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on November 16, 1972. Since then, 185 state parties have ratified the convention.
Italy has largest monuments on list with toll as 43.
What should we do ?
India is more concerned with antiquity being nominated to list every year. There is also provision for signifying a city to cultural heritage based on modern structures. E.g Brazilia , berlin.
We could take effort for cities like chandigarh, jaipur etc.
Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List in India
Cultural
* Agra Fort (1983)
* Ajanta Caves (1983)
* Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)
* Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004)
* Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
* Elephanta Caves (1987)
* Ellora Caves (1983)
* Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
* Great Living Chola Temples (1987)
* Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
* Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
* Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
* Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)
* Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
* Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
* Mountain Railways of India (1999)
* Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
* Red Fort Complex (2007)
* Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
* Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
* Taj Mahal (1983)
Natural
* Kaziranga National Park (1985)
* Keoladeo National Park (1985)
* Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
* Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988)
* Sundarbans National Park (1987)
Properties submitted on the Tentative List
* Temples at Bishnupur, West Bengal (1998)
* Buddhist Monastery Complex, Alchi, Leh, known as Alchi Chos-kor (1998)
* Golconda Fort, Hyderbad, Andhra Pradesh (1998)
* Dholavira: a Harappan City, Gujarat, Disstt, Kachchh (1998)
* Rani-ki-Vav (The Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (1998)
* Mattanchery Palace, Ernakulam, Kerala (1998)
* Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, Sasaram, Bihar (1998)
* Group of Monuments at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh (1998)
* Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (1998)
* Hemis Gompa (1998)
* Sri Harimandir Sahib, Amritsar, Punjab (2004)
* River Island of Majuli in midstream of Brahmaputra River in Assam (2004)
* Kalka Shimla Railway (2004)
* The Matheran Light Railway (extension to the Mountain Railways of India) (2005)
* Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination) (2006)
* Namdapha National Park (2006)
* Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch (2006)
* Kangchendzonga National Park (2006)
* Urban and Architectural Work of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh (2006)
* The Kangra Valley Railway - Extension to the Mountain Railways of India (2009)
* Churchgate - Extension to Mumbai CST (2009)
* The Maharaja Railways of India (2009)
* Oak Grove School (2009)
* Excavated Remains at Nalanda (2009)
* The Jantar Mantars : Astronomical Observatories of India (2009)
further refer
State wise heritage sites in india
hindu editorial
more info about World Heritage Site
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